The Kalmati Tribe: Guardians of History in Balochistan and Sindh

The tomb of Kalmat tribe.

 

The Kalmati tribe stands as a testament to the rich tapestry of history in the regions of Balochistan and Sindh, Pakistan. With roots tracing back to the Hoth Baloch tribe, the Kalmatis have played a significant role in shaping the cultural and historical landscape of their ancestral lands. From their settlement in Kalmat to their involvement in pivotal historical events, the Kalmatis have remained resilient in the face of adversity. In this blog post, we delve into the intriguing history of the Kalmati tribe, exploring their origins, migrations, encounters with empires, and their enduring legacy.

 

Origins and Spread: The Kalmatis find their ancestral lineage in the Hoth Baloch tribe, claiming descent from King Hoth, the son of Jalal Khan. Initially ruling over Kech Makran, a faction of the Hoths settled in Kalmat, near Pasni port in coastal Balochistan. Over time, the Kalmatis expanded their presence, spreading from Tehs Bandar in western Balochistan to Shah Bandar in Sindh during the 12th century. Today, their descendants can be found scattered across districts and towns in both Balochistan and Sindh.

 

Occupation and Cultural Significance: Kalmatis primarily engage in cultivation and business activities, nurturing the agricultural landscape of their regions. However, their cultural significance extends beyond their economic pursuits. One notable landmark associated with the Kalmati tribe is the renowned Chaukhandi tombs in Karachi. These ancient tombs stand as a testament to the tribe's historical presence and serve as a cultural heritage site.

 

Historical Significance and Qarmatian Connection: Intriguingly, the Kalmatis have been linked to the Qarmatian sect, an ancient religious and political movement that emerged during the early Middle Ages. Scholars have noted the Kalmatis' Indo-Iranian lineage, suggesting a connection to the Qarmatians, who established a Qarmatian state in Multan and northern India in the 11th century. This historical link further deepens the Kalmati tribe's significance and heritage.

 

Migration during the Little Ice Age: During the Little Ice Age, a period spanning the 16th to 19th centuries, the Baloch people faced harsh winter climates in Balochistan, rendering the region inhospitable. In response, waves of Baloch migration took place, with communities seeking refuge in warmer regions such as Sindh and Punjab. The Kalmatis, as part of this migration, relocated and settled in these areas, contributing to the cultural diversity of the regions they now call home.

 

Encounters with the Portuguese: In the 15th century, the Portuguese embarked on a mission to capture ports in modern-day India and Oman, including the coastal area of Makran. Led by Vasco de Gama, the Portuguese encountered fierce resistance from the Kalmatis under the leadership of Mir Ismail. Despite their looting and burning of coastal villages, the Portuguese failed to conquer Makran. Their abandoned cannons near the central jail of Gwadar serve as a testament to the Kalmatis' successful defense against the invaders.

 

Struggles and Alliances against Empires: Throughout history, the Kalmati tribe faced challenges and conflict, often resisting external forces. During the Mughal Empire, their broad power base from Hub to Keti Bandar in Sindh drew the attention of Emperor Akbar. Akbar attempted to undermine the Kalmatis by plotting with local chiefs but was ultimately foiled by their unity. Subsequently, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb also failed to break the Kalmatis' power and ceded land to them in Chachkan and Sakro to maintain peace.

 

Enduring Legacy and British Conquest: The Kalmati tribe's legacy of resilience continued during the British conquest of Karachi in 1839. Despite the overwhelming power of the British forces, the Kalmatis refused to surrender, exemplifying their unwavering spirit. Their resistance led to a guerilla war against the British, who established military strongholds in Manora and Aram Bagh areas. The Kalmati tribe's role in this historic period showcases their dedication to preserving their cultural identity and heritage.

 

The history of the Kalmati tribe in Balochistan and Sindh is a captivating narrative of resilience, resistance, and cultural preservation. From their origins in the Hoth Baloch tribe to their encounters with empires and their enduring legacy, the Kalmatis have left an indelible mark on the historical landscape of the region. Their contributions to cultivation, business, and cultural heritage make them an integral part of the vibrant tapestry of Pakistan's history. The Kalmatis continue to embody the spirit of their ancestors, upholding their rich traditions and heritage in the face of modern challenges.